鄂伦春族桦树皮船制作技艺 | Oroqen Birch Bark Boat Making Technique

作者
 

非遗级别:国家级

Intangible heritage level: National

申报地区:黑龙江省大兴安岭地区

Application Region: the Greater Khingan area, Heilongjiang Province

批准日期:2008年6月7日

Approval Date: June 7th, 2008

    呼玛县，位于大兴安岭东麓，黑龙江上游西南岸。对俄边境线长达371公里，占到大兴安岭地区对俄边境总长的近二分之一，也是黑龙江省对俄边境线最长的县份。呼玛县是1993年5月经中国国务院批准对外开放的国家一类口岸。Huma County is located at the eastern foot of the the Greater Khingan Range, on the southwest bank of the upper Heilongjiang River. The county shares a borderline of 371 kilometers with Russia, accounting for 50% percent of the total borderline between the Greater Khingan area and Russia. And it also has the longest border line with Russia in Heilongjiang province. Huma County was approved by China State Council in May, 1993 as an international river port for the nation for opening to the outside world.
白银纳村位于呼玛县北部，于1983年正式建立，是黑龙江省呼玛县唯一的少数民族鄂伦春族聚居村，是白银纳鄂伦春民族乡政治、经济、文化的中心。Baiyinna Village, located in the north of Huma County, was officially established in 1983. It is the only settlement village for the Oroqen ethic group and serves as the political, economic, cultural center of Baiyinna Oroqen Ethic Township.

Part 1 历史渊源 Historical origin

鄂伦春族世代居住在大兴安岭地区的呼玛县白银纳村和塔河县十八站等地。白银纳村和十八站境内水网密布，年平均降水量约四百毫米，为鄂伦春族的夏季渔猎准备了充分条件。
The Oroqen people have been  living in the the Greater Khingan area for generations, like the Baiyinna Village of Huma County and Shibazhan of Tahe County. In Baiyinna Village  and Shibazhan, the water network is dense and the average annual precipitation is about 400 millimeters, which prepared sufficient conditions for the summer fishing and hunting of the Oroqen people .

在长期狩猎过程中，鄂伦春族先人创造出了一种便于水上活动的桦皮船用来狩猎、捕鱼以及驮载、渡河。清康熙年间成书的《龙沙纪略》是关于鄂伦春族桦皮船最早的文字记载，该文献证明鄂伦春族的桦皮船距今至少有300多年的历史。

In the long process of hunting, The Oroqen ancestors has created a kind of birch boat that is suitable for water activities like hunting, fishing, shipping. Longsha Chronicle, which was written in the Kangxi Reign  of the Qing Dynasty, is the earliest written record about the Oroqen birch boat. It proves that the birch boat of Oroqen nationality has a history of over 300 years.

Part 2 工艺流程 Processing technique

桦皮船是鄂伦春族夏季渔猎生产、生活的必备交通工具，鄂伦春语称为“奥木鲁钦”。它就地取材，以大兴安岭的樟子松做骨架，以高寒地带生长的白桦树树皮为船体，然后用松木削成的木钉加固，全船不用一根铁钉。成型后在接缝处涂抹松树油，经过烘烤，可达到密不渗水的效果。
The birch bark boat is an essential means of transportation for the Oroqen’s fishing, hunting and daily life in summer. It is called “Omuluqin” in Oroqen language. The boat’s framework is made up of sylvestris logs covered by a large piece of birch bark . There are no metal nails in the boat. Every part of the boat is fixed with nails made of wood. It is reinforced with pine nails, thus the whole ship is free from iron nails. Pine oil will be applied and heated on the joints so that a water-proofing effect is achieved.桦树皮船形如柳叶，船体中部较宽，船头、船尾尖细并微微上翘，状似剖开的梭子。其形态的另一大特征就是船身极矮，高度仅为20厘米左右，整个船体是扁平的。其轻便快捷，携带方便，为鄂伦春族世代相承的独特生产生活用具。Like willow leaves, the middle of the hull is wider, while the bow and stern are pointed and slightly upturned, like a split shuttle. Another feature of its shape is that the ship is extremely low, only about 20 cm in height, which makes the entire hull look flat. Since it is light, fast and easy to carry, the birch bark boat is a unique production and living appliance inherited by the Oroqen people from generation to generation.

Part 3 传承价值 Inheritance value

桦皮船承载了鄂伦春人悠久的狩猎习俗，是对其古老生存方式的历史见证，体现了狩猎民族的聪明才智，具有浓郁的民族和地域特色。因鄂伦春族是无文字民族，在漫长的历史岁月里一直处于边疆地域，统治者无暇顾及其这一族群，对其文化的书写仅有只言片语的留存，而作为其重要的生产生活用具的桦皮船，见证了鄂伦春族悠久的民族民俗文化。它是狩猎民族在特定的生活环境中创造出来的种特殊文化，是我国东北桦树文化的重要组成部分。
The birch-bark boat bears the age-old hunting tradition of the Oroqen people. With its strong national and regional characteristics, it is the  witness of the ancient ways of their survival and embodies the wisdom of this hunting nationality. Since the Oroqen nationality has no written language and has been on the frontier region for a long time, the rulers didn’t pay attention to this ethnic group, as a result, only fragmented records of their culture are remained. However, as an important production and living tool, the birch-bark boat bears witness to the long-standing ethnic folk culture of Oroqen. It is a peculiar culture created by the people in a specific living environment, and is also an important part of northeast birch culture in China.

Part 4 传承现状 Inheritance status

随着国际上对保护文化多样性所达成的共识以及国内对非物质文化遗产的日益关注，鄂伦春族的桦皮船得到了越来越多的关注。在市场经济的推动和政府部门的引导下，桦皮船已经由单一的生产工具转变为兼具娱乐性、欣赏性的工艺品，传统与现代正在鄂伦春人的桦皮船中发生交织与融合。

With the international consensus on the protection of cultural diversity and the increasing  attention to the intangible  cultural heritage in China, the Oroqen birch-bark boat has received more and more attention. With the promotion of market economy and the guidance of the government, the birch-bark boat has been transformed from a single production tool into an entertaining and ornamental handicraft, and has become an embodiment of the integration of both tradition and modernity.
然而丰富的桦木资源是桦皮船赖以存在和延续的前提，人们对于大兴安岭森林进行的不合理开发，破坏了林木资源，毁坏了当地的生态环境，致使桦皮船的传承面临资源的困境。目前，这一古老的传统手工技艺日趋衰微，亟待保护。However, the rich birch resources are the prerequisite for the existence and continuation of the birch bark boat. The unreasonable exploitation of the forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains has destroyed both the forest resources and local ecological forests  in the Greater Khingan Mountains has destroyed both the forest resources and local ecological environment, resulting in the resource dilemma of the impartation and inheritance of the birch-bark boat. At present, this ancient traditional handicraft is declining and desperately needs to be protected.

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